When the human doesn't understand the dog, how can the dog possibly be expected to understand the human? For example, the owner is jerking on the dog's leash and trying to train a dog with choking. Of course the dog cannot trust this owner. He might jump around frantically and try to appease the owner. It might even "look" like love. I've heard owners say,  "the dog doesn't even notice this, he doesn't mind, he's used to being choked. This doesn't hurt."

It's incredibly ridiculous the way some people believe they can choke their dog, and the dog loves and trusts them anyway. But of course, you can't really trust someone who sometimes chokes you, or even someone who sometimes forces you to the ground, and shakes you by the neck. Well maybe you can in an unhealthy way. Choke-trained or force-trained dogs often act extremely excited when the owner arrives. It looks like  kind of a nervous-slave attempt to appease and pre-empt predicted punishment [0]. The dog appears to be saying, "Oh hey, boss, it's you, yikes, hey boss, yeah, yeah, yeah, I worship you, honestly, I hope I'm doing the right thing right now, am I? don't choke me, uh oh, I worship you, I really do, yeah, yeah, yikes."

"Captive dogs"  might act loving when they are actually upset, uncertain, in a bit of a panic. The dog wants to appease the confusing yet powerful owner. And the owners love their dogs, they really do. But they've collected bad training advice somewhere, and so when the dog offers the spasm of nervous love, in spite of and sometimes because of that, the owner puts on the leash and starts jerking the dog around. Tug tug tug. Choke choke. And kisses, hugs, pats. It's just confusing. The dog has no clue what to do to prevent him or herself from getting choked or shoved or dragged around and the owner doesn't appreciate that, nor how scary and undermining and discouraging/confusing it is to be treated this way.